Policy makers and implementers Free Essays

Between policy makers and policy implementers serve any useful function today in USA? Early donors to the expansion of public administration accredited a policy function for administrators that have often been overlooked yet the politics-administration dichotomy that is a fraction of the conventional archetype frequently incorporates the thoughts of accountability and responsibility– even though the archetype can be articulated in traditions that seem to prohibit these qualities by depicting administration as automatically instrumental–but the stress on a firm dichotomy of politics and administration will not lodge the policy responsibility of administrators that has come to be extensively renowned. There are several motives why the dichotomy design has continued. It is expedient to give details the separation of functions in conditions of entire separation as it is easier to elucidate than a model founded on sharing functions, predominantly because the partition model does not bound the genuine policy offerings of administrators in practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy makers and implementers or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the same moment, the dichotomy idea defends administrators from inquiry and provides the benefit of elected representatives who can pass liability for disliked resolutions to administrators. According to Miller (2000) sees dichotomy as a â€Å"helpful myth† for the reason that it difficult to understand the pressure of administrators to limit efforts by politicians in control to incline the accomplishment of policies and channel paybacks toward themselves. Fractional editions of the dichotomy continue. Researchers view the attempt to disconnect politics from administration as producing a dichotomy and tag the importance on hierarchy, authority, structure, and top-down accountability the Wilsonian ritual in public administration. There has been found reinterpreted dichotomy that allows a policy-making function for the executive but still assists managers oppose the forces of particularism. Recognizing that administrators disjointedly form policy behind the scenes resigned policy sway and hierarchy. (Van Riper, 2002) In addition, it should be documented that the notion of the firm dichotomy does have a chronological basis in the United States, yet it was not the normative model anticipated during the naissance period of American public administration. A finishing basis for the determination of the dichotomy is the deficiency of a substitute model. To keep away from slipping back into the observation that public administration commenced in dichotomy but stimulated into broader functions, it is accommodating to have a substitute understanding. There has been an embedded crucial model for political-administrative associations from the start, and this model is imperative for knowing the existing and prospect function of public administration. The complementarity of politics and administration is founded on the principle that elected officials and administrators adhere together in the frequent pursuit of sound governance. Complementarities involve split fractions, but fractions that approach together in a reciprocally compassionate manner. One supports the other to generate a complete. Complementarity influences interdependence alongside separate functions; conformity along with sovereignty; admiration for political control along with an assurance to form and execute policy in ways that endorse the public concern; reverence to elected incumbents along with obedience to the law and maintain just electoral antagonism; and positive reception of politics along with support for proficient values. The concern is not whether public administrators are â€Å"influential or usurpative† (Friedrich, 2004)–the regular dichotomy against non-dichotomy choices–but how they are both mechanized and donors to the political progression, that is, involved and constitutive. Complementarity involves enduring contact, mutual sway, and mutual reverence between chosen officials and administrators. Administrators assist to figure policy, and they present it precise content and connotation in the procedure of execution. Chosen officials watch over execution, investigate explicit criticism about reduced recital, and effort to correct troubles with presentation through fine-tuning. Privatization through constricting out breaks the discussion and substitutes it with agreement requirement and fulfillment reports. Paradoxically, constricting out intimately approximates the stipulations of the dichotomy model, as do recital indentures, and highlights an essential restriction in this sort of approach. if not it is aloof for services that can be suitably distinct without ongoing extensive based administrative contribution and properly conveyed without unremitting political omission, the firm separation of policy makers and service deliverers can inferior the superior ity of governance. In disparity, with broad relations, the information and values of those who do the continuing job of government harmonize the acquaintance and values of those who eventually set the route for government and make certain that it stays on track. The complementarity of politics and administration clutches that elected officials and administrators–both in ordinary contact with citizens– require and facilitate each other in a corporation for governance. Dividing the cohorts or distorting the association in one way or the other means that a main donation is absent. If one persists to acknowledge the straightforward notion that public administration commenced as disconnect influential body restricted to a contracted sphere of activity, one does damage to the precedent and one dashes the jeopardy of legitimizing a proper dichotomy of policy configuration and constricted service delivery. References Friedrich, C. J. 2004. Public Policy and the Nature of Administrative Responsibility. Public Policy 1: 1-24. Miller, Gary. 2000. Above Politics: Credible Commitment and Efficiency in the Design of Public Agencies. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 10(2): 289-327. Van Riper, Paul P. 2002. The Politics-Administration Dichotomy: Concept or Reality? In Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and James S. Bowman, 203-18. New York: Marcel Dekker. How to cite Policy makers and implementers, Essay examples

Improve Engagement of Employees Business Flourishment

Question: Describe about the Improve Engagement of Employees for Business Flourishment. Answer: Introduction The employee engagement has always been the root cause for each and every business flourishment and overall success. An engaged place of work inspires, and also provides energy, productivity, and commitment for rest of the employees who all are concerned and involved in order to improve the performance of the business and for them, the targets seem to be very much achievable (Swarnalatha and Prasanna, 2011). The employee engagement in the true sense is a type of approach which makes sure that all of the concerned employees is well committed, focussed towards the business goals. In present times, the employee engagement has been viewed with much more importance than earlier, emphasis are put to ensure that this approach is carefully implemented as the results are really outstanding in its presence. Each organisation uses many of the steps to ensure that the targets are achieved in an efficient manner and with the cost-cutting motive as well in mind. Statement of Problem The main aim of this report has been to improve the employee engagement with the organisation. With the impact of the high engagement of the employee saturates each and every feature refer the company structure, also tends to impact the monetary bottom line, plus can also well catalyse the c.inets loyalty. This clearly implies that the employee engagement and the concerned matter are significant for any of the organisation (Lobo and Ashwini, 2015). The employee engagement with the passage of time has become a very serious problem in situations when the % of the disengaged employees enhances fast in comparison to the engaged employees plus the number of the employees are concerned and interested in quitting the organisation. This has been the main challenge for the organisations as employee engagement are a serious as well as complicated and complex problem plus there are so many of the factors which can influence the engagement of the staff at work. Methods and Techniques Employee engagement survey The survey of the employee engagement is the common as well as the better way or the technique for the superiors to get to know about the thinking and the liking of the staff for their work and the workplace; they understand the manner in which the staff is happy and also the conditions which negatively affects them (McBain, 2007). The survey which may be conducted refers the employee engagement should necessarily include the following questions --- Are you able to understand the organisation goals and what efforts the staff is required to make for the benefit of the company? Whether or not you are proud to be an apart of this organisation, plus what are your expectations from the company? Whether or not you are comfortable working in the environment which is being provided to you? Do you feel the atmosphere you are working is a healthy one and are you able to comfortably discuss and speak out your problems? Is the management of the organisation able to make you merry and is cooperative? Measuring the employee engagement Refer the outcome of the results of the survey, the management is required follow the path which may help the staff retention, find out the situations and factors which are the most dissatisfaction creators for the employees and work for its eradication. For the best results, the company should take into use the scientifically passed and validated tools in order to measure the excepted accurate employee engagement (McBain, 2007). The Proper report is required to be created which concerns the employees performance as well as carefully measure the task and outcome of the work quality refer their behaviour, ability, hard work, sincerity and vigour for the achievement of the company goals. Selection of right manager Right managers lead to right path for the employees, the main member of a team is the manager, this particular person has to drive the team in the required direction of achievement of the companies goals, he is required to be very hard working plus unfair so that the employees under him work and out with bright colours. The manager plays a significant role in order to connect the staff with each other; he is the one who makes them understand the power of working together and teamwork (McBain, 2007). Successful managers give rise to successful employees, who in turn end up as big assets for the company. Such managers always encourage the hard workers and also appreciate them for their good work. Research process The research process is made to understand and also identify the cause which results for the disengagement of the staff and various problems which are to be faced by the company refer the process of employee engagement (Nasomboon, 2014). Though there is no particular research which applied in a sphere of the business. Understand factors which contribute to the employee engagement in an organisation. Analyse the measure required to further improve the engagement. Analyse demographics and also the other features of the staff which affect their task. Data Collection Various methods plus techniques are taken into use by the researchers to collect data. These methods include experiments, close observation, surveys and interviews. The quantitative method of data collection is also brought into use to understand and collect correct position. While some organisation take into use the questionaries for this purpose, which can be divided into two main sections. First one is the demographics plus personal information of the staff; the second one is a sense of comfortableness of the working staff. Data Analysis To judge the comprehensive data collected, a manager is required to undergo so many of the timely surveys. He has the main duty to understand the complex problems which his employees are facing and which is not letting them perform well. He collects the data carefully and studies it carefully and provides expertise information so as to help out the employees perform much better. Research Outcome The survey on further improving the employee engagement to the organisation is basically a matter of deep significance and study. It concludes the success or failure story of the company (Nasomboon, 2014). The helps the employees come out from their problems and improves the results of the company efforts. The survey pinches out the negative creating factors from the atmosphere of the company and weeds positive energy. A manager is required to be very tough who do not easily give up and always act as an inspiration for the juniors. References Dr. C. Swarnalatha, d. And t. S. Prasanna, t. (2011). Employee engagement and employee turnover.Ijar, 4(5), pp.328-329. Dr. V. Tulasi Das, D. and Ch.Vijayalakshmi, C. (2011). Employee Engagement Strategies For Enhancing Employee Competitiveness To Organizational Success.IJAR, 1(12), pp.137-140. Lobo, S. and Ashwini, R. (2015). A Study on Employee Engagement.Adarsh Journal of Management Research, 8(1), p.33. McBain, R. (2007). The practice of engagement: Research into current employee engagement practice.Strategic HR Review, 6(6), pp.16-19. Nasomboon, B. (2014). The Relationship among Leadership Commitment, Organizational Performance, and Employee Engagement.IBR, 7(9).

Project Methodology Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Project Methodology and Role. Answer: Definition: A project methodology is the collection of practices, procedures, techniques, and rules used by the experts while working on the discipline. Project manager uses methodologies for providing structure and the framework to the delivered projects by using principles, framework, themes, standards, and processes (Obrutsky, 2016). Role of project methodology: The objective of the project methodology is to design a development process which is reasonable, flexible, comprehensive, and accessible. Theproject management methodology works as an asset for the project manager for evaluating the project goal and deliverables (Karaman Kurt, 2015). The methodology is the medium which provides a common platform for communication and initialization of the project. It helps in encouraging the planning process for starting the work. The projects can be efficiently managed by using pre-determined metrics and reporting tools. The hierarchical structure ofproject management is shown in the figure below: Types of methodologies: Traditional approach: Theproject management process includes a series of steps which includes initiation, planning, execution, controlling, testing and validation, and implementation. It is also known as waterfall methodology. PMBOK guide: Project management body of knowledge serves as a methodological approach for implementation of different steps included in the flow of process model such as planning, execution, control, and termination of the project (Fitsilis, 2014). Prince2: Prince2 stands for project in controlled environment which is used for process driven methods and the approaches applied in the private sector. Agile methodology: It is the methodology which follows flexibility, building process, and iterative design for managing the project. The pre-planning process is included form managing the changing requirement of the client. SDLC: The SDLC is the process methodology which works on improving the quality, delivery of the product, and the requirements of the product. The project is managed by requirements identification, balancing needs of the stakeholders, expectations, and the risks associated with the stakeholders. PMBOK and PRINCE2 are the preferred methodologies by project managers. The two methodologies are similar to each other in respect of their identification of the requirement, participation of the customers, development of team relationship, and integration of the stakeholder. The focus is given on the quality management and risk identification in both the methodologies (Ghosh, 2012). The table shows the difference between the two methodologies in brief: Particulars Prince2 PMBOK Process Starting of the project Initiating of the project Direction given to the project Controlling the phases Management of the product delivery Management of the state boundary Closure of the project Initiating Planning Initiating Executing, controlling and monitoring Executing and planning Planning and closing Closing Principles Principles followed No principles followed Comprehensive or practical It is practical in nature It is comprehensive in nature Focus on Focus given on business case Focus given on customers Factors Partly integration with environmental and organizational factors Strongly integration with environmental and organizational factors (Vieira, 2014) Case The business case should be reviewed periodically Business case should be continuously focused Organization Active participation of stakeholder and human resource Financial, human resource, quality, and other management involves Quality No involvement of quality management Involvement of quality management Plan Initiation of planning process Scope, cost, and time management Risk Identification of the risks Management of the risks Management of integration Partially focused Strongly focused Communication Partly focused Strongly focused Procurement Partly focused Strongly focused Stakeholder Partly participation Active participation Project life cycle and chosen methodologies: There are seven processes involved in the prince2 methodology for completing the project life cycle. The project stat up involves the assemblage of the project team for planning of project initiation. The initiating of the project involves focusing on the business case and the risks associated with it. The series of authorization involves in the directing the closure of the project. The stages are controlled by managing issues. The delivery and maintenance of the product focuses on the execution of the working package. The PMBOK works on five processes for completing the project life cycle which are named as initiating, planning, executing, monitoring, and controlling and closing. The knowledge areas which are included in project life cycle by using PMBOK are integration, scope, quality, time, cost, human resource, risks, procurement, and stakeholder. The following figure shows the relationship of PRINCE2 and PMBOK with Project life cycle. Conclusion: The PMBOK is strongly preferred by the project manager for managing the project. The PMBOK serve as a guide for planning, organizing, staffing, and other functional areas of project management. References: Fitsilis, P. (2014).Comparing PMBOK and agile project management software development process. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/2953419/Comparing_PMBOK_and_Agile_Project_Management_software_development_processes Ghosh, S. (2012).Enhance PMBOK by comparing it with PRINCE2 and P2M standards. Retrieved from https://pmkb.com.br/uploads/2013/08/95598999-Comparison-of-PM-Frameworks.pdf Karaman, E., Kurt, M. (2015). Comparison of project management methodologies: Prince 2 versus PMBOK for its project.International journal of applied science and engineering research. Retrieved from https://www.ijaser.com/articles/vol4issue42015/vol4issue4/JASER4059.pdf Obrutsky, S. (2016).Comparison and contrast of project management methodologies. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305969672_Comparison_and_contrast_of_project_management_methodologies_PMBOK_and_SCRUM Vieira, D. (2014).Integrating PMBOK standards, lean and agile methods in project management activities. Retrieved from https://research.ijcaonline.org/volume88/number4/pxc3893680.pdf

7 E-mail Salutations to Use (And 4 to Avoid)

7 E-mail Salutations to Use (And 4 to Avoid) Have you ever opened an es of peer relationships would be co-workers, clients you have already established a working relationship with, friends, neighbors, etc. If you are sending an e-mail to your manager or boss, or someone in a position of power, it could come across as presumptive and disrespectful if you dont share a certain level of familiarity in your working relationship with them. A good rule of thumb is: If you refer to the recipient on a first-name basis in everyday conversation, this is a great salutation to use in e-mail correspondence.2. Hi [Ms./Mr. Last Name],When to useThis is the more formal version of #1, and is best when used in situations in which you are not on a first-name basis with the recipient. Likely circumstances where this salutation would be the best choice are:Potential clients with whom you havent established a working relationshipPeers, managers or superiors on the job you are not on a first-name basis with in everyday conversationExecutive-level reci pients outside of your department youve never met in person or with whom youve never established a close working relationshipEditors or agents during the query or submission processCity officialsFormal requestsTeachers (who have not earned an honorary title, such as Doctor)Why its a good choiceFor anyone with whom you havent established a first-name basis relationship, this is the most standard and semi-formal salutation you can use. An added bonus is: You dont need to know the recipients first name to use it.Potential problemsThe main problem you could encounter when using this salutation is getting the recipients gender wrong, for example, writing Dear Ms. Edwards for a recipient who is male. Another issue you could encounter is to write Dear Mrs. Edwards to an unmarried female. For this reason, its best to avoid Mrs. altogether and use the marital status-neutral Ms. instead.3. Dear [First Name],When to useThis is a slightly more formal version of #1 and should only be used in sit uations where communication on a first-name basis is appropriate. Although dear is, in some contexts, considered to be endearing- in modern communication, it comes across as slightly stuffier than its Hi counterpart.Why its a good choiceThis is a good choice of salutation if you want a more formal version of #1 and works as a great e-mail greeting for anyone with whom youre on a first-name basis.Potential problemsThe main problem you might encounter with this salutation is coming across as more formal than you intended.4. Dear [Ms./Mr.] [Last Name]:When to useIf you want a slightly more formal approach to #2 (Hi Ms. Edwards), this is the best choice. As with #2, it can be used in a variety of contexts in which you are not on a first-name basis with the recipient.Why its a good choiceThis salutation covers a broad scope of contexts in which you would be conducting e-mail correspondence. In many cases, Hi and Dear are interchangeable- its really based on the preference of the sender.P otential problemsYou really cant go wrong with this salutation, unless you are writing to a close friend or colleague with whom you have a first-name basis relationship. In that case, it might come across as stuffy and confusing, with your friend wondering if theyve said or done something to upset you.5. Dear [Doctor/Professor] [Last Name]:When to useThis is the best salutation to use when you are writing to a recipient who has an honorary title. Notice that in this salutation, the most standard punctuation is a colon rather than a comma. Here are some examples:Dear Lieutenant Brooks:Dear Dr. [or Doctor] Smith:Dear Honorable Jackson:Dear Mayor Wyatt:Dear Reverend Shay:Dear Professor Thompson:Obviously, there are dozens more honorary titles than those listed here, so do your research on the front end to make sure you address the recipient correctly, based on his or her honorary title. If you are unsure of which to use, this website is a great resource for names, titles, and forms of address, including how to address an envelope, how to write the salutation in an e-mail or letter, and how to refer to him or her in person. It is published by The Protocol School of Washington, which offers continuing education and training in protocol, cross-cultural awareness, and business etiquette for advanced business studies. The website covers honorary titles from Abbots and Attorney Generals to Vice Presidents and Warrant Officers, and is a highly useful reference that is also available in print format.Why its a good choiceIf you are contacting someone with an honorary title, it is likely that your reason for communicating is important. People who have gained such titles have spent their life in pursuit of learning and preparing for it, so it should never be used incorrectly- or worse, not used at all- in e-mail communication.Potential problemsThe misuse of an honorary title or use of an incorrect one is an etiquette faux pas in communication, including e-mail communication . You run the risk of being judged as unprofessional by doing so, which means that the message or request you are attempting to communicate could be ineffective or ignored.The misuse of an honorary title or use of an incorrect one is an etiquette faux pas in communication, including e-mail communication. Photo by Nacho Arteaga on Unsplash.6. Dear Staff or Dear Colleagues,When to useWhen you are addressing multiple people in your e-mail, such as correspondence to a companys entire staff, this is a good choice in salutation.Why its a good choiceIts neither too informal nor too formal, and takes care of addressing a number of recipients.Potential problemsOne thing to keep in mind is that if you are addressing a group of recipients like this, your message should be something that everyone needs to hear. Dont send out passive aggressive e-mails addressed to a group when youre really only wanting the message to go out to a few.7. Dear Friends or Dear Family,When to useThis is a great choi ce in salutation for e-mails sent out to friends or relatives, such as announcements for reunions, births, marriages, or parties.Why its a good choiceAs long as all of the recipients fall into one category (friends or family), this is the most obvious choice and is better than Dear everyone or Hi all.Potential problemsAs noted in #6, be sure that the message is indeed intended for the entire group. If not, it could come across as a passive aggressive way of dealing with conflict that would be better handled face-to-face with those who are involved. And on that note, keep in mind that e-mails are not the best method of communicating negative news or conflicts that have arisen. Face-to-face conversations with those directly involved are the better choice in these situations.4 salutations to avoidNow that weve covered the best e-mail salutations to use and the circumstances to use them in, lets look at some overly formal, outdated, ineffective, overly enthusiastic, and impersonal salut ations to avoid. The list of the top four is:Dear Sir or Madam (impersonal)To Whom It May Concern, (overly formal, impersonal)Hey! or Hi [Name]! (Overly enthusiastic)Happy Friday! (Overly enthusiastic; if you must write it, use the next line of the e-mail, not the salutation)

Women on Death Row - Rosie Alfaro

Women on Death Row - Rosie Alfaro Marà ­a del Rosio Alfaro, also known as Rosie Alfaro, is a convicted murderer currently on death row in California for the June 15, 1990, murder of Autumn Wallace, age 9, in Anaheim, California. The Crime In June 1990, Rosie Alfaro was 18 years old, a drug addict and the mother of two and pregnant with twins. She was living in a home in Anaheim with a relative of the father of the twins, which was three blocks from the Wallace home. Alfaro was a high school friend of Autumns older sister April and had stayed with the Wallace family during her second pregnancy. However, in 1989, April began to distance herself from Alfaro, other than to occasionally give her a ride when asked. On June 15, 1990, Autumn was home from school early. The school was having early day and recessed at 2:35 p.m. Autumns mother, Linda Wallace, and April were at work and were not expected home until around 5 p.m. Autumn entertained herself by cutting out paper dolls. On the same day, Rosie Alfaro was busy buying cocaine and heroin and getting high. Her first score was around 11 a.m. and by 2 p.m. she was again out of money and drugs. A friend, Antonio Reynoso, who had been released from prison the previous day, agreed to share his drugs with her if she would agree to share her needle. When his drugs ran out, Alfaro decided that she would rob the Wallaces home to get money for more drugs. Alfaro told Reynoso that she used to live with the Wallace family and that she had left a video cassette recorder at the home and would sell it to him in exchange for drugs. Alfaro, Reynoso, an unidentified man, and Alfaros youngest baby went to the Wallace home. The men and the child waited by the car while Alfaro headed to the house. Autumn answered the door and recognized Alfaro as a friend of her sisters. Alfaro asked if she could use the restroom and Autumn let her come inside. Alfaro then managed to take a knife from the kitchen drawer and then coaxed Autumn into the bathroom. There she stabbed Autumn over 50 times in the back, chest, and head. With Autumn out the way, she went about robbing the house of various electronics, appliances, and clothing. Alfaro later admitted that she knew Autumn would be home alone and she was also aware that Autumn could identify her to the police. The Investigation April Wallace returned home at around 5:15 p.m. and found the door to the house unlocked. When she entered the home she saw that the house was a mess and that there were several items missing. She called out to Autumn, but there was no answer, so she left and went across the street to a neighbors house to wait for her mother to come home. Linda Wallace arrived home around 5:40 p.m. and was told that the house had been burglarized and that Autumn was missing. She went inside the house to search for Autumn and found her dead in the back bathroom. Neighbors told police that they saw a brownish Monte Carlo parked at the Wallace home and that two men, one holding a small child, were standing outside of the car. Police investigators were able to obtain a fingerprint from the Wallace home which matched to Alfaro. Alfaro was brought in for questioning and denied any involvement in the murder. More Evidence Sometime after the murder, Alfaro asked a friend if she could leave a bag of clothing at her house. Alfaro contacted the friend later, asking that she leave the bag outside of her home because she was heading to Mexico early the next day, but she never showed up.Investigators found out about the bag and on inspection found a pair of Aprils boots that had been reported as being stolen and a pair of Alfaros tennis shoes. A warrant for Alfaros arrest was issued and she was brought in for questioning again. Confession In a videotaped session that lasted more than four hours, Alfaro confessed that she alone murdered Autumn and then burglarizing the home. Alfaro was arrested and charged with first-degree murder and burglary. Trial In March 1992 a jury found Rosie Alfaro guilty for the murder of Autumn Wallace. The trial lasted two weeks. Sentencing - The First Penalty Phase During the first penalty phase of the trial childhood friends of Alfaro testified that she grew up in a violent home and that her father was a drunk who abused her mother. They also testified that Alfaro was using drugs as early as the sixth grade and dropped out of school in the seventh grade, at which time she began injecting daily as many as 50 speed balls (a mixture of heroin and cocaine.) Alfaros mother, Sylvia Alfaro, testified that her husband was an alcoholic who often hit both herself and Rosie in front of the other children in the family, and threw the family out of the home during drunken rages. She spoke about her daughters early drug use and her inability to quit. She said that at the age of 14, Rosie was pregnant with her first child. During that same time Rosies father abandoned the family. Who is Beto? Rosie Alfaro also took the stand and testified about her unhappy childhood, her violent father, racial prejudice she suffered at school and about her inability to get off of drugs. She expressed her remorse over the murder of Autumn Wallace, stating that we took your innocent life. With the reference of we the court ruled that she had opened the door to cross-examination regarding what went on during the crime since Alfaro had always insisted that she acted alone. During the cross-examination, Alfaro testified that she did murder Autumn, but did so under pressure from the second unidentified man that had come with her and Reynoso. She referred to the man as Beto but refused to offer any information as to his identity. She also testified that she was high on drugs and out of her head shortly before going to the Wallace home. This time she said that she did not know Autumn would be home and had never planned to harm her. She said that when Beto, who was also high on drugs, saw that Autumn was in the house he became angry and put a knife to Alfaros back and threatened to kill her and her child if she did not stab Autumn. She said she stabbed Autumn a few times, but claimed Beto must have inflicted the remainder of the stab wounds. Alfaro  said that once she came down from her high, she could not believe that Autumn was dead. The prosecutor questioned Alfaro about information regarding the identity of Beto that she had told to a mental health expert that examined her at the request of her lawyers. She testified that she initially told the doctor that the unidentified man was her fathers friend and that his name was Miguel. She then told him that the mans name was Beto and identified him in a photograph and said he had a womans name tattooed on his neck. During questioning of Alfaro and Reynoso the defense suggested that the real identity of Beto was Robert Frias Gonzales, whose nickname is Beto. However, in rebuttal the prosecution questioned Robert Gonzales who denied having anything to do with the murder of Autumn Wallace and who also did not look at all like the man that Alfaro had identified in the picture as being Beto. Unable to identify who Beto was, the jury at the first penalty phase trial was unable to agree on a sentence and the trial court was declared a mistrial. Second Penalty Phase Trial The penalty retrial was held in April 1992 before a new jury. Most of the same witnesses who testified during the first penalty trial, testified again, although this time Rosie Alfaro remained silent. In addition to the original testimony, the defense called an expert criminalist, Marc Taylor, who testified that after examining much of the evidence, that shoe prints found inside and outside the house did not match Alfaros shoes. A deputy sheriff at the Orange County jail testified for the defense about a person he saw who resembled the picture that Alfaro had identified as being Beto getting into a blue Camaro parked across the street from the main jail. Dr. Consuelo Edwards who was the mental health expert that Alfaro had first told about Beto forcing her to murder Autumn also testified for the defense. He said that Alfaros intellectual functioning was borderline, and that she had an IQ of 78 and learning disabilities that were made worse by her traumatic childhood. He described her as a follower. In rebuttal, the prosecutor had several Orange County jail employees testify about Alfaros poor behavior in jail and quoted comments that they had overheard her saying to another inmate. They testified hearing her say, Im a frustrated person who takes things out on people, and have to learn to live with that, and Im not going to be able to do this again. Im no actor. Im going to be cold this time. I just want to get this over with. Orange County investigator Robert Harper testified that Robert Frias Gonzales, who the defense claimed was Beto and the second man with Alfaro on the day of the murder, had a butterfly tattoo on his neck and not a womans name, which is what Alfaro had described. On July 14, 1992, the second penalty phase jury sentenced Rosie Alfaro to death. In August 2007, the Supreme Court of California denied Rosie Alfaros request for a stay of execution. Marà ­a del Rosio Alfaro is the first woman ever sentenced to death in Orange County.

Tertullian, From Apologia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tertullian, From Apologia - Essay Example bout worship and nothing ulterior, they would be wise enough to convert to the true religion and end the persecution that they inflicted on Christians at that time. Tertullian is not a man with moderate temperament and his defense for Christianity is very fiery in Apology. He is very forceful when advocating for Christianity and uses every opportunity to discredit the roman polytheism which was the tradition of the Roman Empire and also was against the worship of the emperor as he felt they were mere idolatry and superstitions that were baseless. His love for Christianity would not allow him to sit back and watch while the people who worshipped with him were persecuted by the Romans who did not care even a little about the religion and felt that it was a threat to the traditional roman ways. Tertullian was looking to end this so that there would be harmony between the two factions and probably the Romans crossing over to Christianity. His cause was helped by his education as he was a ble to explain things much better. Apologia is the Latin word for apology and it means to explain; Tertullian was trying to do this in his apology. He tries to make the roman people view Christianity from a different angle as they had perceptions that were untrue about the religion. His education was very useful as he was able to talk to the other educated Romans and have their attention. There were ridiculous accusations leveled against Christianity like incest, atheism and even cannibalism and he tried hard to help the people understand the values of Christianity as a way of helping clear the reputation of Christianity that was stained by false accusations. He also felt that rather than persecuting them, the Romans should have thanked the Christians as all they did was expound the truth to the citizens who believed and followed other religions other than Christianity. They totally deserved the plaudits that Tertullian was trying to get them as they persevered the pain and suffering

Zara as a fashion retailer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zara as a fashion retailer - Essay Example Marketing of products and hence the proper management of marketing is an essential factor for every organization and requires extensive measures to be successful and satisfy its customers by fulfilling their demands. Thus the understanding of the marketing management of a company and its strategic options available are essential for the company’s success. The current study focuses on the marketing management and the strategic options available to the Zara fashion retailer and from the study determines the key marketing strategies that may be incorporated in the company’s objectives and marketing plans as well as apply the concepts of marketing in the company’s future success. Zara Company: Market, Consumer, and Competition: In the global world of competition, it is necessary for every organization to undertake measures to increase its competitive advantage over its competitors. Zara is a popular fashion retailer whose parent company is Inditex. In order to achiev e the competitive advantage over its competitors that include companies like Hennes and Mauritz (H&M), The Gap, Benetton, the company has plans to address the constraints encountered by its competitors such that they can overcome any obstacles. The core competencies of the company have provided the company with improved financial outcomes increasing its status over its competitors in the market. Such a phase has been possible for the company to achieve owing to the consumers of the company who have made it a success for the company. The consumers are highly satisfied with the company since Zara focuses extensively on responding quickly to the demands of the customers, increasing the speed of the flow of information in between the ultimate consumer and the company. Thus through the competitive advantages the Zara Company has made a position for itself in the industry and among the target market (Zara: Fashion Follower, Industry Leader, 2004). Mission and Objectives of the Company: Th e primary aim of the company is to create a sustainable development for the society in which they survive and contribute towards the welfare of the environment. Thus the main objectives of the company include saving of energy, manufacturing eco-friendly shops, produce less waste and perform recycling, maintaining commitment towards the company’s workforce and prepare and sustain a team that would remain aware of the environment. The above mentioned objectives of the company deal with the retail stores of the company. In regard to the products of the company, the company has set its objectives in use of ecological fabrics, cotton that is organic in nature and manufacture of footwear that is PVC-free in nature. In regard to transport facilities of the company, biodiesel is used by the company keeping focus on the welfare of the environment. Products based on animals that are available in the company are made available from animals raised in their farms and animals are not sacri ficed for the purpose (Our Mission Statement, 2010). Stakeholders of Zara Company: The employees, the customers, and the suppliers are the main stakeholders of the company. The Zara Company has its primary focus on the utmost level of satisfaction of its customers and hence the company takes all necessary measures to manufacture and design products based on the demands of the customers. This attracts more customers for the brand. The employees of the company are also addressed and their