Air Quality and Climate Change as Integrated Policy

An integrated approach to tackling air quality and climate change makes sound sense. The topics of air quality and climate change are interrelated, so policies surrounding the two problems should be addressed using an integrated approach. The emissions that pollute our air and those that warm the planet have common sources: vehicles, buildings, power generation and industry. These pollutants and activities that affect the air we breathe also have a significant impact on the climate change the earth is experiencing.Integrating air pollution control and climate change policies helps to achieve sustainable development and a low carbon society that benefit all. Many benefits are realized through integrating approaches and policies to air quality and climate change. One benefit of integrated policies is that the price to implement the policies is more cost effective. â€Å"Integrating climate and air pollution control programs leads to significant cost savings and important benefits to h uman health and the environment† (Kuylenstierna and Hicks, 2008).Also, climate policies and decisions are felt in the future while policies improving air quality are felt in the here and now. Also, an integrated policy would avoid unintentional trade-offs. That is â€Å"when policy is introduced to benefit one area without consideration of how it will affect the other; in these cases, negative impacts felt by one area may outweigh the actual benefits that the policy was designed to bring† (Environmental Protection UK, 2011). Another benefit of integration is the ability to prioritize actions and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the action for each problem.There will be obstacles to realizing an integrative approach to air quality and climate change. Political obstacles can include lobbyist and interest groups that hold significant influence in the political arena. If proposed actions increase costs to manufacture or produce energy, the interest groups and the l obbyists will be vocal about their disapproval and may influence a political leader’s decision to implement environmental policies. In addition, individuals may voice their concerns about costs associated with integrated policies.For example, if the cost of a car goes up to meet emissions regulations, individuals will voice their opinions during election time by voting the out the policy maker. Finally, the science behind the problems needs to be clearly communicated and understood by all. The science needs to be valid and proven as well. If the science is correct, individuals will more readily accept any policy changes. Currently, there are opposing views on air quality and climate change that contribute to the confusion many realize surrounding the environmental problems the world is facing.A fragmented approach to address these environmental issues may do more harm than good. One policy that is meant to help with climate change may pose many disadvantages to air quality. I n a compartmentalized approach, the effect to the other issue is not considered. This can also add additional costs and resources to amend or fix a problem created through a fragmented approach. Separate approaches also contribute to the influence interest groups and lobbyists can have on the implementation of policies. Finally, a fragmented approach can be unclear and communicate competing priorities.The unclear and fragmented message presented to the public lessens the impact and the crucial need to act on the issues we face surrounding air quality and climate change. â€Å"Individuals are the drivers of larger processes of change involving organizations and political systems, especially in democratic societies† (Liverani, 2009). In addition, â€Å"as consumers, individuals hold a reservoir of mitigation capacity. Roughly 40 percent of OECD emissions result from decisions by individuals—travel, heating, and food purchases. U. S. ouseholds directly account for roughl y 35 percent of national CO2 emissions – more in absolute terms than the entire U. S. industrial sector and any other country bar China† (Liverani, 2009). Reflecting on these numbers, the impact that individual behaviors and actions demonstrate the negative consequences people have to the air quality as well as the significant contribution to the climate change problem. However, people must not only be informed, concerned, or understand the problems and issues, the people must act to improve air quality conditions and stop the rapid rate of climate change.People need to accept responsibility for their waste and their emissions. Policy makers have used economic and market mechanism to drive adoption, but this strategy is not all that is needed. Understanding their impact and acting on their impact without financial incentives is crucial to improve the quality of the air we breathe and slow the climate change we are experiencing. New social norms need to be established th rough effective marketing and communication of the problems.?

A Secret Weapon for High School Research Paper

A Secret Weapon for High School Research Paper A huge proportion of students are not able to write excellent research papers. They can put quotation marks around their search terms to get results that include the exact wording. Teachers should give credit to the procedure for searching, not only for the last item, she added. What Is So Fascinating About High School Research Paper? Luckily, there are a few companies where you could order high school papers, but they will need to be of top quality and ones that you can count on. To tell the truth, if you are aware of how to and you're experienced enough, an excellent research paper can be written in only a couple of hours of hard work, even without professional aid. There are lots of things that you could do, based on what one your school board would prefer the most. If you're interested in environmental science or want to tell about how a neighborhood factory pollutes the waters in your neighborhood, be certain to find out m ore about the topic! The High School Research Paper Chronicles Reading a book involves a good deal of attention, thus a library is the best spot for reading books and exploring the world. Even if a specific research paper topic is getting plenty of buzz at the moment or other men and women seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic if you don't genuinely have some kind of interest in it also. There are people who are good at writing ebooks on relationships for example. It is essential to avoid the kids from the dust in the home. Be quick to fulfill our English research paper topics for high school so you'll finish your paper punctually. Any paper is going to be written on time for an affordable price. The paper will stick to a suitable format about any topic associated with the American Civil War. High school research paper is the simplest among the other varieties of papers. Attempting to compose a research paper on a topic that doesn't have a lot of research on it's incredibly hard, so before you choose a topic, do a little preliminary searching and be sure you are going to have all the info you must compose your paper. Any further details you would like to add can be accomplished even after the paper was handed over to you. The title should stick out from the remaining part of the text. You can take an argumentative research paper which utilizes the new info to reach a specific point of view concerning the subject issue. There's additionally a particular format to citations, depending on the formats mentioned earlier. Consider the structure of your upcoming research paper (it is dependent on what sort of information you had the ability to discover in step two). Some information might need to be left from a paper for kids. There are respective companies that provide research paper writing services. Doing this will help to make certain you avoid plagiarizing in your research report. Recommendation A method on the best way to write a great report is by noting the recommendation info. With each option you must make sure, it's been well researched beforehand so you do not need to conduct your own research. Top High School Research Paper Secrets You will have to formulate arguments for the subject of your research too. Writing research papers is a wearying proce dure, and even more so if you don't have a predetermined topic. Read your ideas you have to know your topic inside and out. Not all research paper topics are made equal, and you would like to be sure you pick a fantastic topic before you commence writing. Writing a science paper is indeed a tough job but what is even tougher is choosing a great topic. Some educators may observe the review for a showcase just for an elite. Students should use various sources when writing research papers. The Pain of High School Research Paper To begin with, students find it tough to write superior research papers since they do not have sufficient time. Furthermore, the students don't know the right writing styles to use while writing their research papers. The most difficult thing for those students of high school whilst writing their research papers is to seek out a topic for writing it. Many students at every academic degree of college or university do not like to write research papers since they are terrified of the term research and all the work it entails.

The Holocausts Destruction - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1352 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Food Essay Level High school Tags: Holocaust Essay Did you like this example? Relationship, it means two or more concepts, objects, or people are connected, or the state of being connected. The story Night by Elie Wiesel is an autobiography about a young boy named Elie and his father surviving the holocaust. Elie has a exclusive relationship with both his father and god that change throughout the story, but they change differently .The rocky relationship with his father has events that that go from being inseparable in Birkenau, to feeling as though he is a burden, but with god he struggles with his faith as his time in the camps worsen, but towards the beginning his devotion with God was strong.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Holocausts Destruction" essay for you Create order Before Elie and his father got sent to camp, their relationship was distant while his relationship with God was one of devotion. As it was described in the first pages of the story, Elie wanted the audience to know what the relationship was like before the camps: â€Å" My father was a cultured man, rather unsentimental. He rarely displayed his feelings, not even with his own family, and was more involved with the welfare of others than that of his own kin† (Wiesel 4). Many children in this time period often felt as though their parents were not able to provide emotional support. Elie clearly felt this, and did not appear to have a particularly strong bond with his father. Instead, he felt devoted and connected to God. Elie wished to spend his life focused around Judaism and devoted all his free time and energy on religious studies. With Moishe’s guidance, they would read the same pages of the Zohar over and over. At one point Elie states, â€Å" Moishe the Beadle , th e poorest of the poor of Sighet, spoke to me for hours on end about Kabbalah’s revelations and its mysteries. Thus began my initiation. Together we would read, over and over again, the same page of Zohar. Not to learn it by heart but to discover within the very essence of divinity† (Weisel 15). Elie believed that religion was a basic survival need, showing that he followed his religion instinctively. As the story moves on, the relationship between Elie and his father and between Elie and God changed dramatically. During Elie’s time in the camp the relationship that he has with his father change very quickly. When Elie and his father arrived at their first concentration camp, in Auschwitz. Elie was very scared and the only person that he knows is his father. â€Å" My hands†¦(30). From the beginning times in camps Elie and his father find great comfort in the being physically for each other, clearly their bond strengthens. The bond between Elie and his father does strengthen: And what if he were dead, as well? He was not moving. Suddenly the evidence overwhelmed me: there is no longer any reason to live, any reason to fight (Wiesel 98-99). Elie reveals that he truly depends on his father for survival, because if his father is no longer alive, he loses all hope for survival. It almost seems that his relationship grows with his father almost to the point that up until h alf way into the story his father basically could replace God in his life. His father is all that he needs to survive and what keeps him going, much like faith does for the people around him. While in the concentration camps. Elie’s devotion towards god dramatically falls. As the first nightmarish night in the concentration camp unfolded, Elie as a person was changed. His beliefs became different and he was no longer able to see the world in the same light, as expressed Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed.Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never(Wiesel 32). Elie redefines the position God holds in his life. Elie sees that the Holocaust highlights the evil and cruelty from everybody. Not only by the Nazis, but from t he other prisoners, his fellow Jews, even himself. He feels that if the world is so awful and cruel than God either must be awful and cruel or not exist altogether. â€Å" I no longer accepted God’s silence. As I swallowed my bowl of soup, I saw in the gesture an act of Rebellion and protest against him† (wiesel 76). From this, Elie feels that he is better off alone in a world without God and man. Near the end of Elie’s time in the concentration camp his relationship with his father gets the turn for the worst. At one point the doctor was trying to explain to Elie that his father is holding him back: â€Å"Listen to me, kid. Don’t forget that you are in a concentration camp. In this place, it is every man for himself, and you can not think of others. Not even your father. In this place, there is no such thing as father, brother, friend. Each of us lives and dies alone. Let me give you good advice: stop giving your ration of bread and soup to your old father. You cannot help him anymore. And you are hurting yourself. In fact, you should be getting his rations†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He was right, I thought deep down, not daring to admit it to myself. Too late to save your old father†¦ You could have two rations of bread, two rations of soup†¦ It was only a fraction of a second, but it left me feeling guilty.† (Wiesel 111). Elie had finally realized that i n order to survive he needs to stop taking care of him. He know that his father is going to die anyways, and knows that he shouldn’t waste precious resources on him. The concentration had mentally destroyed him. An example of that was when his father is struck and Elie does nothing to help him, Elie said: â€Å"My father had just been struck, in front of me, and I had not even blinked. I had watched and kept silent.† He moves from apathetic to complete contempt for his father in a matter of months to the point where his talk about his father’s death near the end is emotionless: â€Å"I woke up at dawn on January 29. On my fathers cot there lay another sick person. They must have taken him away before daybreak and taken him to the crematorium. Perhaps he was still breathing.†¦ No prayers were said over his tomb. No candle lit in his memory. His last word had been my name. He had called out to me and I had not answered. I did not weep, and it pained me that I could not weep. But I was out of tears. And deep inside me, if I could have searched the recesses of my feeble conscience, I might have found something like: Free at last!†( Wiesel 112). In Night, Wiesel’s relationship with God and his father had and downs, which ultimately changes his views about God and his relationship with his father. Before the concentration camps, Wiesel shows his strong devotion to God, but with his father he did not have a good relationship. but as he personally experiences the Holocaust, Wiesel becomes uncertain of his religious beliefs with god and had a stronger bond towards his father. While Wiesel grows and transforms into a man, he simultaneously redefines God’s position in his life, and with his father he start to realize that he can not live much longer if he is going to continue to take care of his father. With Wiesel, being a author and the main character of the story, surfeits many examples of the mental and physical effects of people in the Holocaust and more specifically for a young boy. For this reason, Night provides a deeper understanding of the Holocaust so that with a better understanding of such a horrific e vent, history doesnt repeat itself.

Tips For Keeping Your Teeth Healthy Essay - 1312 Words

5 TIPS FOR KEEPING YOUR TEETH HEALTHY Introduction The high standard of living has forced most people to consider only the basics when it comes to meeting needs. In this case, dental health care is not prioritised because it is viewed as unimportant additional cost that can be avoided. However, subscribing to dental insurance and practising preventative measures is far much cheaper than seeking medical attention for dental ailments and other complications. For long term healthy teeth and a confident bright smile, consider the following five tips; I. Maintaining a Healthy Diet The type of food you take can adversely influence the health status of your teeth and gums. Food rich in starch and sugar is known to provide a good environment for bacteria to thrive in your mouth thereby forming plaque. When plaque is not removed, an acid is produced and as a result enamel attacked causing decay. It is therefore important to be precautionary by consuming foods that have low sugar and starch content while at the same time maintaining a balanced diet. a healthy, balanced diet will include lots of fruits and vegetables (for vitamin C), some starch e.g. rice, bread, potatoes etc., proteins i.e. beans, fish, eggs, milk, low fat dairy etc. not forgetting plenty of water intake. Water is important because it ‘bathes’ teeth therefore washing away any available food debris, acids and sugar from the mouth. It also contains fluoride (an essential substance that guards against teeth erosion) andShow MoreRelatedLogically, We Could Assume That Coffee Isn’T The Only Substance914 Words   |  4 Pageshas ever stained your teeth. Especially if you have been accumulating stains over the long-term. Therefore, you want to first cut out anything else that may be sabotaging your smile. You have the usual suspects, like dark berries and cola. But a few other surprising foods and drinks could be making your stains more obvious. For example, if you think that sticking to white wine is better for white teeth, you may be wrong. As it turns out, the acidity in white wine can make your enamel more porousRead MoreWhat Are The Commonest Home Remedies? Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the commonest home remedies to whiten teeth? Description: home remedies to whiten teeth can be of varied types and you need to maintain the long list of those remedies so that you can make selection of the right one as per your dental needs. If you have chosen home remedies to whiten teeth, then you also need to know how to make potential usage of different natural ingredients for making your teeth whitened naturally. Expert guidance can be taken for preparing the recipes easily and instantlyRead MoreGood physical and mental health can improve your quality of life in your older years. In addition600 Words   |  3 Pageshealth can improve your quality of life in your older years. In addition to promoting your independence and keeping your body strong and energized, the American Council on Exercise states that physical activity also prevents and improves age-related conditions, such as osteoporosis and arthritis, and lowers your risk of injuries, and health conditions, such as stroke and heart disease. Paired with good mental health, this combination can add years to life. (See References 1) Move Your Body The CentersRead MoreChildrens skin hair teeth - NVQ Level 21612 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿How to look after children’s hair, skin and teeth Children’s skin and hair should be appropriately looked after as when children develop they become more and more independent especially in their skin and hair care routines. It is vital to make sure the children are being washed and taught to look after themselves whilst they are being cared for by parents, guardians or staff at the nursery. If a child has really bad skin or an infection he/she will start to feel uncomfortable which is terribleRead MoreOral Health Promotion For Health1508 Words   |  7 PagesOral Health Promotion Healthy People initiatives are compilations of health topics and interventions for healthcare professionals to promote and improve quality of health nationally. These initiatives are science based and expand throughout 10 years. Healthy People 2020 is the current initiative and was initiated in December of 2010. This paper will discuss oral health promotion. Healthy People Objective The human body is intrinsically designed with its own system of checks and balances. IncludedRead MoreHow Diabetes Affects The Functioning Of The Heart, Kidneys, Eyes And Nerves1363 Words   |  6 Pagescan affect the functioning of the heart, kidneys, eyes and nerves but few people realize that diabetes can also lead to dental problems especially in those who are past 45 years of age. In many cases dental problems in diabetics can lead to loss of teeth. This situation can be prevented to a great extent by becoming aware of the various dental problems caused by diabetes and taking timely preventive steps to avoid them. The main causes of dental problems are lack of proper dental hygiene and heredityRead MoreEssay on Unhealthy Eating1353 Words   |  6 PagesIf you have a television in your home, chances are you have probably seen someone talking about how they lost 20 pounds in one month, or anything along those lines. People these days are really caring about their appearance. It is definitely a bonus to lose the weight while changing your diet; but the bigger picture here is that making healthier choices will not only help you lose weight, it will prevent you from developing health risks. Although not everyone who has unhealthy eating habits willRead MoreHealthy habits1825 Words   |  8 Pages Healthy Eating Essay â€Å"Good health and good sense are two of life’s greatest blessings†, said Pubilius Syrus. Some people say that sayings are just there to entertain us. Really though, sayings can be very empowering. In order to keep those laudable blessing with us, we have to maintain our healthy eating, cleanliness, injury and illness prevention, exercise, and of course, other healthy habits. You can stay super healthy surprisingly easily. Eating healthy is one easy, funRead MoreWeRe All Pretty Familiar With The 5 A Day Rule. Five1598 Words   |  7 Pagesalso control your weight! Vegetables are high in fiber, low in calories and provide a good source of energy. Fiber fills you up faster so you might be less likely to reach for that candy bar after lunch. They also have the added benefit of being low in sodium, which can cause water retention in the body. So how do we include these healthy benefits in our daily diet? By eating more of them, of course! Here are a few easy tips and ideas for adding more of these healthy alternatives to your diet: - Sneak

To the Lighthouse Symbolism Free Essays

To the Lighthouse Summary: Part 1: The Window The novel starts in the Ramsays’ summer home. Mr Ramsay tells to the family that will take them to the Lighthouse on the next day but it wasn’t possible due to bad weather. This makes a certain tension between James the son of the family and his father because he really wants to get to the Lighthouse. We will write a custom essay sample on To the Lighthouse Symbolism or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this part Lily Briscoe attempts to paint a portrayal of Mrs Ramsay and her son James. Part 2: Time passes This second part gives the feeling of time passing and also death. Ten years pass, during which the four-year  First World War  begins and ends and also Mrs Ramsay passes away. Part 3: The Lighthouse In the final part the remaining members of the Ramsay family return to their summer house ten years after part 1. Mr Ramsay finally decides to keep his word and take his son James and his daughter Camila to the Lighthouse. In this section Lily attempts to finally complete the painting that she started in part 1. Upon finishing the painting (and at the same time the sailing boat of Ramsay family reaches the lighthouse) and seeing that it satisfies her, she realizes that the execution of her vision is more important to her than the idea of leaving some sort of legacy in her work. Symbolism of the Lighthouse. Before launching into what Virginia Woolf might be talking about Lighthouse I’m going to take a few seconds to explain you what it is. The meaning of Lighthouse it refers to beacon it’s something people who are lost can look towards for guidance and the light it moves around. When the night falls, it flashes on, and when the sun rises, it shuts off. So a lighthouse works as both a symbol of  stability  (as a beacon) and of  change  (as its lights go on and off with the turning of the day). Now, about this specific Lighthouse. We know that it’s visible from the Ramsays’ summer home but separated from it by a stretch of sea. And we know that, at least at first, James Ramsay  really  wants to get there – so much that when Mr. Ramsay says they won’t be able to sail to the Lighthouse the next day, James Ramsay  goes very mad. But the Lighthouse also is a symbol for Traditional Family Structure. One important thing they share in common is that they’re both guys. Another important thing is that they’re both really into Mrs. Ramsay. Sure, one’s her husband and the other’s her son, but they feel they have to compete with each other for her attention. All this leads us to a roundabout way, the Lighthouse is potentially a symbol for family structure, and especially for the authority of the father in the traditional family. So the lighthouse is kind of a phallic symbol, and phallic symbols in literature often mean that there are daddy issues coming down the pike. In other words James and Mr. Ramsay are squabbling over who gets power over the family: Mr. Ramsay is the authority figure, so he gets to say â€Å"No! he weather will be bad! † And James is a rebel who’s all â€Å"Why  do you have to ruin  everything? In conclusion I have talked about the Lighthouse as a symbol for family authority and how control over getting to the Lighthouse has a lot to do with family power. But like the Lighthouse tower itself, the family as an institution is solid and unchanging. But individual famili es come and go as rapidly as a lighthouse of a beacon goes on and off – time changes the shape of all families. All families have their upon and down. Bibliography To The Lighthouse (Sparknotes Literature Guide). Edition: 2003 How to cite To the Lighthouse Symbolism, Essay examples

Composition Abortion free essay sample

As well I would like to thank her for guiding us while we started to write this paper. Table of Contents Content Page Title page 1 Honor Pledge 2 Acknowledgments 3 Abstract 5 Abortion: A Man, a Woman and a Victim 6 References 2 Abstract This paper deals with abortion from pro-life perspective providing evidence and examples. It argues that abortion must not be legal as it sheds light on the harms that an abortion could cause. It goes on from discussing the dangers that threaten the well-being of the mother to the hardships that face couples who choose to abort a child as it finally establishes that abortion is a murder proving that there is life in the fetus. This paper refers to many studies, books and articles to provide the appropriate scientific back up to every claim. Abortion: A Man, a Woman and a Victim ‘No one wants an abortion as she wants an ice cream cone or a Porsche. She wants an abortion as an animal, caught in a trap, wants to gnaw off its own leg. ’- Frederica Matthews-Green. The reason why abortion is such a controversial topic hides behind the fact that it was illegal for a long time and is now becoming legalized in many parts of the world. As a matter of fact, abortion was practiced in almost every society in the ancient times. Evidence of abortions are as old as 3500 years. It was not until the early 19th century that many physicians, religious persons and social reformers first sought to ban abortion. Of course, many defend the new laws that are with abortion claiming it to be part of a woman’s rights to her own body, while many others argue that killing a fetus is as bad as killing a child. The two stands could be branched from two more general viewpoints: pro choice and pro life respectively. To be pro life means to believe that the government has the duty of preserving all human life no matter what the quality of life may be; in contrast, being pro choice means believing that all choices pertaining to one’s own anatomy should remain legal. Ironically, both view points are defending human rights, the only disagreement lies in what should be considered human life and what should not. However, these approaches are very theoretical and lack reality. Abortion is not: ‘an induced termination of pregnancy, involving destruction of the embryo or fetus’ as Websters New World Dictionary suggests. It is the termination of a potential human life which actually generates more torment than it does relief. By all means, abortion should be illegal all around the world because, in addition to all the dangers that threaten the well being of the woman and the couple, it is still murder. Most of the women who go into surgery or take a medicinal treatment to abort a child are not told about the risks they are taking. The physical, mental and emotional dangers that are triggered after such a process are far more serious than the repercussions of any other treatment. As Lalwani (2010) reported in her article â€Å"Post Abortion Side Effects†, surgical abortions could cause irreparable damage to the patient’s cervix or uterus. Furthermore Lalwani explains how hazardous general anesthesia could be when used to perform an abortion and how it could lead to cardiac arrests. Despite the fact that a surgical abortion seems scarier than a medical one (one that involves using a pill kill the fetus), the writer clarifies that the side effects of medical abortion could stretch out to infertility and death as a result of a whole bodily infection. Moreover, the effects on mental health are completely related to the emotional state of the patient. â€Å"There was clear evidence of a relationship in which rates of mental health problems increased significantly with increasing abortion-related distress. † (Fergusson, Horwood amp; Boden, 2009, p. 424) The research, based on information about 523 women, proved that women who have had an abortion were 1. 9-2. 0 times more likely to have negative reactions such as â€Å"major depression, anxiety disorders, suicidal ideation, alcohol/drug dependence, and a number of mental health problems† than women who have not. Infinite numbers of studies confirm that after abortion most women get suicidal ideas, some even give it a try. According to Dillon (2007), of the 65% of women who thought about killing themselves, 35% actually attempted to ‘abort’ their own lives. It is no mystery why any mother wouldn’t want to live after her child is killed. Who would want to live with not only the thought of having lost a child, but also with the feeling of guilt that constantly reminds them it was their choice that killed? Anyone who is human enough to feel love for another would feel extreme distress after such a procedure. No one wants to be in a situation where they have to make tough decisions, but the dangers of abortion make it clear that it is not a proper solution to any problem. The relationship of the couple is also affected by abortion because as much as the embryo is part of the woman’s life, it is also part of the man’s. No matter how much feminists make it seem like an unborn child is only the mother’s concern, the father also has a say in this. A woman has the right to do whatever she wants to her body, and she is free, but that fetus is a being on its own and part of the father and not just part of the mother. According to Shostak, McLouth, and Seng, (1984), many men (whose girlfriends or wives have had an abortion) felt that they were absent in the decision-making process. Many of them would have wanted to keep it—â€Å"Many broke down and cried during the interview†. If person M and person F were baking a cake together in person F’s oven, and F decided she did not like or want the cake anymore, does she have the right to throw it without M’s consent? M has put as much ingredients and effort in that cake and has the right to object. The fact that it was being baked in F’s oven makes no difference. When an unexpected pregnancy occurs and abortion is brought up, the world of the couple crumbles. If a single person can’t make up their mind when it comes to such a controversial subject, then how about two? The truth is, couples rarely mutually agree about performing an abortion, since there is always someone who’s reluctant about it and another who’s encouraging it. If a couple thinks having a child might destroy their relationship, then they should try having an abortion. In his PhD. Thesis, â€Å"Induced Elective Abortion and Prenatal Grief†, Gail Williams reveals that 80. 7% of women who have had an abortion weren’t even living with their partner (the father) after a couple of years. Couples hardly ever survive abortions, because while the woman is experiencing dozens of emotional complications, the man is trying to re-gain his masculine identity as a parent, a father. To make matters worse, the woman’s ‘sexual response’ usually radically lessens after an abortion for a number of reasons including physical problems and fear of another pregnancy. It is even professionally advised that women who have had an abortion refrain from any kinds of sexual activities (Pendergraft, 2009). All that leads to less communication between the couple due to the lack or the insufficient understanding of one to what the other is going through. Whether with respect to a woman, a man or both as a couple, an abortion is a very emotionally draining process. The way that people view abortion differs solely because of the way people perceive a fetus. Individuals who are pro choice believe that the embryo is not a human being until the mother is three months into her pregnancy. To them, the unborn child remains a part of its mother, and so it is part of her right as a human to act however she wishes with it. As Head argues in his article â€Å"Pro-life vs. Pro-choice†, â€Å"We value each other for social, emotional reasons; science does not tell us to do it. † It is as if those who are for abortion are simply for abortion because to them, science can’t prove the existence of human life in the womb before three months. However, and contrary to what they might think, all the scientific evidence of life before three months has been gathered. In his book â€Å"Abortion and the Meaning of Personhood†, Bajema(1974) states â€Å"Webster defines life in this way: The quality or character distinguishing an animal or a plant from inorganic or from dead organic bodies, which is especially manifested by metabolism, growth, reproduction, and internal powers of adaptation to environment. (p. 16). Even the zygote constantly experiences metabolism and growth, and the embryo develops reproductive organs as early as six weeks. Moreover, studies of fertilization in vitro have proven that a zygote as young as one week has a chance of adapting to the culture outside the mother’s womb. (Brown NA, Clarke D. O. , McCarthy A. , 1991, p. 245-253). And isn’t it alive? I think everyone can relate to the fact that where life exists, so does the instinct of survival. A fetus of less than 12 months still swims away from the curette (the loop-shaped knife that is usually used in pre-mature abortions) when it is inserted into the uterus – survival! How about the embryo which is aborted? What happens to it? It Dies. The fact that it dies means that it was alive before so. Some people argue that it is not human before three months. Well, it certainly is not a monkey. It has all the chromosomes and DNA of a human being. At as early as eight weeks, the embryo has developed hair, eyelids, and by the end if the ninth week, it starts to suck its thumb. (Willke, 1985). A fetus is as alive as any human being, and killing it should not be legal when homicides are not. Aborting a fetus is murder, and there is more evidence to prove it than needed. Abortion is many things, among those it is the taking away of a human life. Whether before or after twelve weeks abortion is a crime – a crime which people are rarely penalized for. Because of social pressures, humans are abolishing life. Mockingly, individuals defend the rights of those who are disabled and yet, if they could, some would kill them before they are even born. Abortion today is not limited by anything except time, and excuses vary from not being ready to have a child to not wanting an abnormal child. There are only excuses for mistakes, errors and wrong doing. And if abortion is not even a mistake, then homicide shouldn’t be a crime. Abortion cannot only be blamed on the parents; it should also be blamed on the doctors that perform such operations because they are the ones who have been sworn to do their best to preserve human life – abortion is really the opposite of that. And as Reagan R. said, â€Å"Everybody that is for abortion has already been born. † Mothers should be encouraged not to abort, but to love their unborn children as much as they love the ones they have born. After all, it’s only a matter of time. References Fergusson, D. M. , Horwood, J. L. amp; Boden, J. M. (2009) . Reactions to abortion and subsequent mental health. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 420-426. Lalwani, P. (2010). Abortion: Side effects of abortion. Retrieved from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/abortion-side-effects-of-abortion. html Shostak, A. , McLouth, G. Seng, L. (1984). Men and abortion. New York: Praeger Publishers. Reisser, T. (2009). The effects of abortion on marriage and other committed relationships. Association for Interdisciplinary Research in Values and Social Change, 6, 4. Pendergraft, J. (2009). Post abortion: What to expect afterwards. Retrieved from http://www. articlesbase. om/womens-health-articles/post-abortion-what-to-expect-afterwards-880007. html Dillon, J. (2002). A path to hope  : For parents of aborted children and those who minister to them. Totowa, New Jersey: Resurrection Press. Head, T. (2011). Pro-life vs. pro-choice. Retrieved from http://civilliberty. about. com/od/abortion/tp/Pro-Life-vs-Pro-Choice. htm Brown, N. A. , Clarke, D. O. , McCarthy, A. (1991) Adaptation of post implantation e mbryos to culture: membrane lipid synthesis and response to valproate. Reprod Toxicol. 5(3):245-53. Willke, J. C. (1985). Abortion: Questions and answers. Cincinnati: Hayes Publishing.

Numeral System Essay Example

Numeral System Essay A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a writing system for expressing numbers, that is, a mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It can be seen as the context that allows the symbols 11 to be interpreted as the binary symbol for three, the decimal symbol for eleven, or a symbol for other numbers in different bases. Ideally, a numeral system will: * Represent a useful set of numbers (e. g. ll integers, or rational numbers) * Give every number represented a unique representation (or at least a standard representation) * Reflect the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the numbers. b numeral system base dn the n-th digit n can start from negative number if the number has a fraction part. N+1 the number of digits Base (Radix):- The total number of distinct symbols used by a number system called base or radix. E. g. : Decimal number system uses ten distinct symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Decimal numb er system:-The decimal numeral system (also called base ten or occasionally denary) has ten as its base. It is the numerical base most widely used by modern civilizations. [1][2] Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system Decimal number system uses ten distinct symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Binary number system:- In mathematics and computer science, the binary numeral system, or base-2 numeral system, represents numeric values using two symbols: 0 and 1. More specifically, the usual base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2.Numbers represented in this system are commonly called binary numbers. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices such as mobile phones. E. g. 101012 = 10101B = 1? 24+0? 23+1? 22+0? 21+1? 20 = 16+4+1= 21 101112 = 10111B = 1? 24+0? 23+1? 22+1? 21+1? 20 = 16+4+2+1= 23 1000112 = 100011B = 1? 25+0? 24+0? 23+0? 22+1? 21+1? 20 =32+2+1= 35 Octal number system: The octal numeral system, or oct for short, is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7.Octal numerals can be made from binary numerals by grouping consecutive binary digits into groups of three (starting from the right). For example, the binary representation for decimal 74 is 1001010, which can be grouped into (00)1 001 010 – so the octal representation is 112. In the decimal system each decimal place is a power of ten. For example: In the octal system each place is a power of eight. For example: By performing the calculation above in the familiar decimal system we see why 112 in octal is equal to 64+8+2 = 74 in decimal. E. g. 278 = 2? 1+7? 80 = 16+7 = 23 308 = 3? 81+0? 80 = 24 43078 = 4? 83+3? 82+0? 81+7? 80 = 2247 Hexadecimal Number System: In mathematics and computer science, hexadecimal (also base 16, or hex) is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base, of 16. It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to represent values zero to nine, and A,? B,? C,? D,? E,? F (or alternatively a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen. For example, the hexadecimal number 2AF3 is equal, in decimal, to (2 163) + (10 162) + (15 161) + (3 160), or 10995.Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits (bits), and the primary use of hexadecimal notation is a human-friendly representation of binary-coded values in computing and digital electronics. One hexadecimal digit represents a nibble, which is half of an octet or byte (8  bits). For example, byte values can range from 0 to 255 (decimal), but may be more conveniently represented as two hexadecimal digits in the range 00 to FF. Hexadecimal is also commonly used to represent computer memory addresses. Examples: 2816 = 28H = 2? 161+8? 160 = 40 2F16 = 2FH = 2? 161+15? 60 = 47 BC1216 = BC12H = 11? 163+12? 162+1? 161+2? 160 = 48146 Numeral Systems Conv ersion Table Decimal Base-10| BinaryBase-2| OctalBase-8| HexadecimalBase-16| 0| 0| 0| 0| 1| 1| 1| 1| 2| 10| 2| 2| 3| 11| 3| 3| 4| 100| 4| 4| 5| 101| 5| 5| 6| 110| 6| 6| 7| 111| 7| 7| 8| 1000| 10| 8| 9| 1001| 11| 9| 10| 1010| 12| A| | ASCII Code: Ascii stands for American standard code for information interchange. This code uses 7 bits to represent any character. These 7 bits lead to128 codes. There are two types of character coded by ACII printable and nonprintable control characters.The printable character include digits from 0 to 9, The upper case and lowercase English letters from A to Z, mathematical operation +,-,*, etc punctuation marks and various special symbols like $, @, #, etc. Non-printable characters are those which do not provide and display on the screen. These codes are used to provide any control information to the computer system. For example end of line, end of pages, start of text, end of text, carriage return etc are nonprintable control character coded by the ASCII code.These codes are extensively used by printers, terminals and keyboard 7 bit code enters inside the computer circuit. E. g. HI FI This string has five characters: H, I, SPACE, F and I Therefore 5*7=35 bits will needed in computer to represent this character string. GRAY CODES: Gray code is used in shaft encoder which indicates the angular position of shaft in digital form. Binary bits are arranged in such a way that only one binary bit changes at a time when we make a change from any number to the next. Its use reduced the error in the reading shaft position.The largest possible error will be one least significant digit. Suppose that the shaft changes it position from 7 to 8, the gray code will change from 0100 to 1100. If change in the binary bit is not picked up by the sensor, the encoder will show the previous position that is 7. But in case of standard binary code 7 is represented by 0111 and by 1000. If sensor picks up the least significant bits that is 000, but fails to pick up the most significant bit 1, the output will be 0000 instead of 1000 . there will be large error if standard binary code is used for shaft encoding.In this case an error of the most significant bit may occur . the Gray code is often used in computer controlled machines such as lathes etc. Addition The circuit diagram for a binary half adder, which adds two bits together, producing sum and carry bits. The simplest arithmetic operation in binary is addition. Adding two single-digit binary numbers is relatively simple, using a form of carrying: 0 + 0 0 0 + 1 1 1 + 0 1 1 + 1 0, carry 1 (since 1 + 1 = 0 + 1 ? binary 10) Adding two 1 digits produces a digit 0, while 1 will have to be added to the next column.This is similar to what happens in decimal when certain single-digit numbers are added together; if the result equals or exceeds the value of the radix (10), the digit to the left is incremented: 5 + 5 0, carry 1 (since 5 + 5 = 10 carry 1) 7 + 9 6, carry 1 (since 7 + 9 = 16 carry 1) This is known as carrying. When the result of an addition exceeds the value of a digit, the procedure is to carry the excess amount divided by the radix (that is, 10/10) to the left, adding it to the next positional value. This is correct since the next position has a weight that is higher by a factor equal to the radix.Carrying works the same way in binary: 1 1 1 1 1 (carried digits) 0 1 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 1 - = 1 0 0 1 0 0 = 36 In this example, two numerals are being added together: 011012 (1310) and 101112 (2310). The top row shows the carry bits used. Starting in the rightmost column, 1 + 1 = 102. The 1 is carried to the left, and the 0 is written at the bottom of the rightmost column. The second column from the right is added: 1 + 0 + 1 = 102 again; the 1 is carried, and 0 is written at the bottom. The third column: 1 + 1 + 1 = 112. This time, a 1 is carried, and a 1 is written in the bottom row.Proceeding like this gives the final answer 1001002 (36 decimal). When computers must add two numbers, the rule that: x xor y = (x + y) mod 2 for any two bits x and y allows for very fast calculation, as well. A simplification for many binary addition problems is the Long Carry Method or Brookhouse Method of Binary Addition. This method is generally useful in any binary addition where one of the numbers has a long string of â€Å"1† digits. For example the following large binary numbers can be added in two simple steps without multiple carries from one place to the next. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (carried digits) (Long Carry Method) 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 Versus: + 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 add crossed out digits first + 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = sum of crossed out digits = 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 now add remaining digits 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 In this example, two numerals are being added together: 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 02 (95810) and 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 12 (69110). The top row shows the carry bits used.Instead of the standard carry from one column to the next, the lowest place-valued 1 with a 1 in the corresponding place value beneath it may be added and a 1 may be carried to one digit past the end of the series. These numbers must be crossed off since they are already added. Then simply add that result to the uncanceled digits in the second row. Proceeding like this gives the final answer 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 12 (164910). Addition table | 0| 1| 0| 0| 1| 1| 1| 10| The binary addition table is similar, but not the same, as the Truth table of the Logical disjunction operation .The difference is that , while . Subtraction Subtraction works in much the same way: 0 ? 0 0 0 ? 1 1, borrow 1 1 ? 0 1 1 ? 1 0 Subtracting a 1 digit from a 0 digit produces the digit 1, while 1 will have to be subtracted from the next column. This is known as borrowing. The principle is the same as for carrying. When the result of a subtraction is less than 0, the least possible value of a digit, the procedure is to borrow the deficit divided by the radix (that is, 10/10) from the left, subtracting it from the next positional value. * * * (starred columns are borrowed from) 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 ? 1 0 1 1 1 - = 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 Subtracting a positive number is equivalent to adding a negative number of equal absolute value; computers typically use twos complement notation to represent negative values. This notation eliminates the need for a separate subtract operation. Using twos complement notation subtraction can be summarized by the following formula: A ? B = A + not B + 1 For further details, see twos complement. MultiplicationMultiplication in binary is similar to its decimal counterpart. Two numbers A and B can be multiplied by partial products: for each digit in B, the product of that digit in A is calculated and written on a new line, shifted leftward so that its rightmost digit lines up with the digit in B that was used. The sum of all these partial products gives the final result. Since there are only two digits in binary, there are only two possible outcomes of each partial multiplication: * If the digit in B is 0, the partial product is also 0 If the digit in B is 1, the partial product is equal to A For example, the binary numbers 1011 and 1010 are multiplied as follows: 1 0 1 1 (A) ? 1 0 1 0 (B) 0 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 + 0 0 0 0 + 1 0 1 1 = 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Binary numbers can also be multiplied with bits after a binary point: 1 0 1. 1 0 1 (A) (5. 625 in decimal) ? 1 1 0. 0 1 (B) (6. 25 in decimal) - 1. 0 1 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1. 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0. 1 = 1 0 0 0 1 1. 0 0 1 0 1 (35. 15625 in decimal)See also Booths multiplication algorithm. Multiplication table | 0| 1| 0| 0| 0| 1| 0| 1| The binary multiplication table is the same as the Truth table of the Logical conjunction operation . Division See also: Division algorithm Binary division is again similar to its decimal counterpart: Here, the divisor is 1012, or 5 decimal, while the dividend is 110112, or 27 decimal. The procedure is the same as that of d ecimal long division; here, the divisor 1012 goes into the first three digits 1102 of the dividend one time, so a 1 is written on the top line.This result is multiplied by the divisor, and subtracted from the first three digits of the dividend; the next digit (a 1) is included to obtain a new three-digit sequence: 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 ? 1 0 1 0 1 1 The procedure is then repeated with the new sequence, continuing until the digits in the dividend have been exhausted: 1 0 1 ___________ 1 0 1 ) 1 1 0 1 1 ? 1 0 1 0 1 1 ? 0 0 0 1 1 1 ? 1 0 1 1 0 Thus, the quotient of 110112 divided by 1012 is 1012, as shown on the top line, while the remainder, shown on the bottom line, is 102. In decimal, 27 divided by 5 is 5, with a remainder of 2.